The Renaissance And The Ancient Mediterranean Periods

If I were to be in artist in the past the two periods I would choose to create art would be during the Renaissance and the Ancient Mediterranean periods. The reason for the Renaissance would be because of their religious influenced paintings and sculptures. Artists during this period developed a linear technique that created a deep, convincing space that set the figures in a sculpture or painting that made it appear as if the scene is alive and right before them. The reason for selecting the Ancient Mediterranean period is because of my interest in the Egyptian art and how they illustrate their culture in their sculptures and paintings. These two periods appeal to my background knowledge and interest of the bible stories I heard as youth. During the Renaissance I would have designed a painting titled, In the Beginning, by Melissa Torres, 1420 because: during this time period is when artist were creating paintings that presented a convincing illusion of a scene as if it were happening right there in front of them. My painting would include Adam and Eve standing in the Garden of Eden near the tree they were not allowed to eat from. Using the technique of linear perspective I would create deep space to set my figures from the background of the tree and the garden. Some of the many paintings and sculptures created during this time period were created from religious influence. What appeals to me is the early artwork of Donatello’s sculpture, Saint Mark, during the period ofShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Italian Renaissance Painting and Sculpture to the Northern Renaissance Painting and Sculpture1731 Words   |  7 PagesItalian Renaissance to the artworks of the Renaissance in the North, you have to understand the roots of the Renaissance. Renaissance has a special meaning, referring to a period of the grand florescence of the arts in Italy during the 14th century and progressed and migrated, in the 15th and 16th centuries, to Northern Europe. The Rena issance was stimulated by the revival of the classical art forms of ancient Greece and Rome. The â€Å"re-birth of knowledge,† better known as the Renaissance, can beRead MoreWhy Did The Renaissance Come From Northern Europe?1696 Words   |  7 PagesWhy did the Renaissance come later to northern Europe than to Italy and what were its distinctive characteristics? The Renaissance, a term coined by Giorgio Vasari in 1550 , is used to describe the period of cultural and intellectual change which started in Italy and then spread across the rest of Europe. This development in society led to Europe stepping out of the medieval era and becoming a powerhouse on a global scale. The Italian Renaissance is what the majority of people think ofRead MoreThe History of the Western World from 500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.1178 Words   |  5 Pageseconomically. In this paper we shall examine the western world historically. Specifically we will examine the period between 500 B.C and 1500 A.D. Examine the most significant person, event, movement or occurrence. This period was the medieval period that was an era experienced in Europe during this time. The dark ages were also experienced during this time between 500 A.D and 900 A.D. This period starts in the fall of the Roman Empire which witnessed decay everywhere . The weight of poverty, insecurityRead MoreThe Greek And Greek Influence Of The Roman Empire1604 Words   |  7 Pageswould become increasingly important. As the Romans continued to expand their empire and influence, they were also spreading the culture of those who influenced them—the Greeks. The Roman Empire at their peak had a vast control over much of the Mediterranean and into Europe—controlling much of Britain, Spain, France, the North African coast, much of Asia minor. Within these regions they had vast numbers provinces where they would allow rule the local upper class to rule all while spreading their cultureRead MoreThe Renaissance: The Rebirth of Europe1245 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The Renaissance represented a rebirth of the Aristotelian spirit. The results of that spirit are written across the next two centuries, which men describe, properly, as the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment. The results include the rise of modern science; the rise of an individualist political philosophy (the work of John Locke and others); the consequent spread of freedom across the civilized world; and the birth of the freest country in history, the United States of America. TheRead MoreRenaissance Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance was an era of change in human thought. It was characterized by a new philosophy, which included the rise of humanism, individualism, and secularism. Writers and artists began to focus on the individual man and his potential. The Renaissance movement began in the Italian city-states, especially Florence, and spread northward toward the rest of Europe. The Renaissance was the rebirth of new ideas in all aspects of life such as: science, technology, classical art, and education. Read MoreComparison Between Roman And Roman Civilization1622 Words   |  7 Pagesoccurred at Rome, perhaps to evoke more strong memories of Roman civilization. The event marked the end of the Hunnic invasion, and represented one of the last moments of pride in ancient Roman civilization (Priore 171). The premise of the entire fresco was based off of an ancient Roman event, following the ever present Renaissance trend of going back to the classics. However, a twist within the painting was the presence of St. Peter and St. Paul, as angelic beings floating with swords, who prompt AttilaRead MoreThe Italian Renaissance1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe Italian Renaissance was a time for great cultural change and achievements, which began in Italy approximately during the 13th century and lasted up until the 16th century. It marked the transition between the Dark Ages and Early Modern Europe. The European Renaissance originated in Central Italy, and centered in the city of Florence.i The distinctive characteristics of northern Italian states such as art, literature, philosophy, and culture produced an atmosphere of learning and artistic expressionRead MoreMiddle Ages and the Renaissance1274 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Middle Ages and Renaissance (Order #A2073046) In the time between the 1300s and the 1500s, a great transformation took place in Europe. Prior to the 1300s, Europe had experienced what has been called the Middle Ages, but after 1500, the continent was fully into the period known as the Renaissance. The impetus for the transformation that took place was the onslaught of the Black Death, or a two hundred year nightmare in which the Bubonic Plague devastated European society. The changes thatRead MoreQuestions On The Renaissance And The Middle Ages1054 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 12 Assignment #1: 12.1-12.2 Terms: Renaissance, universal person, secularism, Hanseatic League, House of Medici, Castiglione. Questions (6): 1) What are some similarities and differences between the Renaissance and the Middle Ages that are mentioned in this section of the text? One major similarity between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is the lack of Classical Culture, characterized by darkness that caused the Middle Ages. Although the Renaissance was known as a â€Å"rebirth†, later historians

Teamwork, Collaboration, and Conflict Resolution Free Essays

Running head: COMMUNICATION Communication University of Phoenix Teamwork, Collaboration, and Conflict Resolution SOC/110 Ken West Feb 17, 2010 Communication The way in which people communicate is as varied as the languages spoken throughout the world. People cannot just exchange a few words, there must be an understanding and acceptance of these variations or there will be a breakdown in the communication process. This is shown in the interactions between men and women, people of different cultures and even when exposed to a new environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Teamwork, Collaboration, and Conflict Resolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Verbal communication is the form that is most easily recognized. People can hear and see this form of communication without even physically experiencing a part of the conversation. When a person is sitting in a room and two people outside of that room are speaking that person can hear them and in one’s mind imagine what that conversation looks like. This does not mean that verbal communication is the most used form. Nonverbal communication is used constantly. People use it to show their opinions on political matters, whether or not a particular restaurant sounds good or if the dress one’s wife is wearing makes her look fat. Nonverbal communication can go much further in expressing one’s needs, feeling, and wants to another person. If a person is taken to Germany and is ignorant to the German language that person would be able to obtain food, a place to sleep, and many of the other basic requirements needed to survive. Many of the expressions and gestures one can make are universal. If one points to their left wrist, one is asking the time. If one puts their hand to their mouth in a drinking or eating fashion, then those actions are conveyed to the other person. Examples of nonverbal messages which actually take the place of verbal messages are shaking a clenched fist, a look of disgust, shaking the head in disbelief, a look of contempt, rolling the eyes, a deep sigh and tone of voice. All of these can tell a person that he or she is incompetent, of low character, or can imply a threat† (Jones amp; Remland, 1993, 133) Although being taken to an environment in which one has no concept of the others language would be challenging it is nowhere close to the challenge of being locked in a room filled with those of the opposite sex. It is not fair to say that two people of the opposite sex could not understand each other because nothing is absolute. When a woman wants to talk with a man about her problems and issues, she wants to share with him and in turn have him share with her. â€Å"When a man hears a woman wanting to talk to him about her problems and issues he assumes that she is requesting his advice and would like a solution† (Tannen, 1991, p. 96). In fact, the woman is wanting to draw closer to the man open up and share her intimate secrets, he just thinking of a quick fix and what time is dinner going to be ready. A practice is to be aware of other cultures and their ways of communication whenever possible. In Arab countries, for example, the handshakes are not as firm as in the United States or Europe and although Americans usually will just shake hands at the first meeting, Arabs will shake hands every time they meet a person and leave that person. â€Å"Touching, long handshakes, grasped elbows, even walking hand in hand by two males is common place in the Arab world. A considerable number of Arabs touch more between the same sex, to show liking–not sex. They hold hands, hug each other, kiss if close friends. As Arab customs and behavior condones the outward display of affection between male friends, one may see Arab men, even officials and military officers, holding hands as they walk together or otherwise converse with one another† (Nydell, 2005, p. 112). Were someone to act in this way toward a man here in the United States he would probably not enjoy the reaction. This is why when dealing with people from other cultures one needs to be aware of their beliefs and customs and not jump to conclusions immediately based-off their actions. The United States is a wonderful place to experience diverse communication because there are so many cultures living so close together. The ability to immerse ourselves in the cultures that thrive in America is ours to take. Learning from them and growing one’s knowledge of how the world communicates is an essential part of ones evolution in this big world that grows smaller every day. Learning the verbal and nonverbal way that people communicate in one’s environment is the key to one’s success. When one faces the challenges that the opposite sex can present to each other, and learn to communicate effectively with one another one can begin to see the world from a different perspective. This different perspective can oftentimes be a better way of viewing things then the same old way that has always been used. In the same respect gaining an appreciation and understanding of the way other cultures communicate can give one another tool to use when tackling problems. Sometimes good old American ingenuity might not be the answer. Being able to understand another culture may bring in fresh ideas that have never been implemented before. References Jones, T. S. , amp; Remland, M. S. (1993, January 1). NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT ESCALATION: AN ATTRIBUTION-BASED MODEL. International Journal of Conflict Management, 4(2), 119-137. Nydell, M. K. (2005). Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times (4th ed. ). Boston, MA: Intercultural Press. Tannen, D. (1991). You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation (1st ed. ). New York: Ballantine Books. How to cite Teamwork, Collaboration, and Conflict Resolution, Papers

Although the Prologue clearly refers to a pair of star

Although the Prologue clearly refers to a pair of star-crossed lovers, is the action of the play the result of Fate or Chance or both perhaps?   Essay This particular essay title raises an initial question regardless of the actual play itself. Its all very much dependant on the readers conception in what fate and chance actually means. My individual perception of fate is that it is an uncontrollable power that dictates in what way our lives are led. However chance is extremely similar I contemplate chance as events or incidents that occur unpredictably without discernible human intention. The play ends in a fatal tragedy for Romeo and Juliet it shows how the good and noble always suffer. But the essential question is why? Positively if the feud between the two families had been resolved then this wouldnt have created a division or barriers between the two lovers. Though, regardless of the feud it could be asked that why couldnt they have confronted their parents and let them be aware of the undying love Romeo and Juliet had for one another? There was no attempt or even thought of taking the honest route. I feel that they were so infatuated with each other in that moment in time. Also the concept of them being in love had turn so overwhelming that they did not really love each other in the end but that they were in love with the actual idea of being in love. However it could be said that maybe they were so engrossed in the spur of the moment and the pressure of marriage being put forward among Paris and Juliet caused them so over look other options. Yet it is beyond me how two people could fall in love with one another after one confrontation and be willing to die for one another. Romeos personality and character is largely dependant on fate, and so his actions had always been influenced by fate itself 1.4.115-120 Some consequences yet hanging in the stars by some vile forfeit of unhappy death. But he that hath the steerage over my course direct my sail. Here Romeo is revealing that he had a vision or dream that he will die and that it is out of his control. As if he was a puppet and fate was the puppeteer pulling the strings to his early uncontrollable death. Romeo is not the only one who has visions of the future, Juliet also in 3.5.55, Methinks I see thee, now thou art so low, as Romeo dead, in the bottom of a tomb. She has a view into the future of Romeo lying down dead, which is what the conclusive out come is. For what reasons does she have these visions? It is because the future had been decided by fate, and laid out at the moment the two lovers eyes met. It seems that when someone is to fall asleep they slip in to the flaws of fate and discovers insights into what fate has planned. Random, unexpected meetings do occur frequently in the play otherwise known as chance. The leading event is of the engagement between Romeo and the servant. Here Romeo is affected by chance due to the incidental encounter with the servant who seeks someone to read out an invite handed to him due to him being illiterate. Romeo reads out the invite and out of appreciation the servant invites him to the party. From this point on fate had laid down death for both Romeo and Juliet, if the servant and Romeo never came across each other this wouldnt have given Romeo and his acquaintances the chance to go to the party furthermore meet Juliet. .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e , .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e .postImageUrl , .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e , .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e:hover , .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e:visited , .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e:active { border:0!important; } .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e:active , .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua91aa8154dcaff892ee248a908bc945e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay On The Crucible By Arthur MillerIf Juliets father hadnt allowed Paris the hand in marriage to Juliet the party would not have been held so not only would the lovers not had met but the grudge with Tybalt would not have been created. Chance occurs again when Romeo leaves his party of friends and wonders through the orchard and by chance Juliet is out on the balcony an extremely important and coincidental moment. This situation was out of either control that draws them closer to a forbidden relationship. Here is where they confess their love for each other and decide to be married the next day. When Tybalt and Romeo cross each other paths at the party Tybalt says, This by his voice, should be a Montague. Supposing that Tybalt had no knowledge of Romeos presence at the party it would be most likely that there would not have been the confrontation in the streets the following day. The masks worn at the party hid Romeos face so this allowed Juliet fall in love with out having any pre conceptions on Romeo. If she had known earlier she would not have seen Romeo in the same light. My only love, sprung from my only hate! Too early seen unknown, and known too late! This shows the frustration in that shes actually found someone that she loves, except it cannot be taken any further as Romeo is a Montague. At this point in the play this is where Friar Lawrence shows his importance, Romeo requests for Friar Lawrence to marry Juliet and Romeo and Friar Lawrence agrees with good intentions. Yet the play still succeeds to end in tragedy. He takes the risk of marrying the couple hoping that it would bring the two families together. Nevertheless in the end he admits his wrong doings And here I stand both to impeach and purge myself condemned and myself excused If Friar Lawrence hadnt agreed to marry the lovers it does not necessarily mean that they would not have had the tragic ending. They may have found another priest or further more still run away. But it encouraged the love between Romeo and Juliet, which made the love between them stronger. The marriage between Paris and Juliet comes closer and Juliet panics for way out and was on the verge of committing suicide but by chance or fate Friar Lawrence walks in at that moment and stops her by offering her a different option. The potion given to Juliet was to fake her death and after shed awaken her and Romeo would run away and make a new life. Friar Lawrence intended to send a letter to Romeo explaining the plan, yet Romeo doesnt receive the letter due to an out burst of a plague was this by chance or fate? The plan was destined for disaster. A greater power than we can contradict hath thwarted our intents. When Romeo had received the news that Juliet was dead he makes his way back to the city of Verona where he is forbidden to see Juliet. Chance again has its way of bringing two enemies together, timing plays a massive role in the play. Romeo enters the vault to see Juliet dead and in desperation he drinks the potion and takes his own life, as Romeo lays dead beside Juliet she then wakes and kills herself. Fate ruled their lives since the moment they had met. Though they had many chances to solve the problem such as confronting their families and not making such hasty decisions. If they thought things through maybe they would not have jumped into matrimony, as matrimony is lifetime devotion not just a teenage phase. .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f , .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f .postImageUrl , .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f , .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f:hover , .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f:visited , .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f:active { border:0!important; } .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f:active , .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3c6b9ba5158a48465430de79f1c1ed8f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: There are two different parts to this play one is EssayBoth the families stereotyped each other by the persons last name when they hadnt even met each other. Fate brought their lives from an all time high to an all time low, nevertheless when fate has caught up with you it does not mean you should sit back and take the ride. Romeo and Juliet had chances and could make different choices to choose a different ending. Yet the choices they made were the wrong ones and fate encouraged them.

Privatizing Health Care in Canada

Introduction The health care system of Canada comprises several health insurance policies that provide health coverage to all citizens. It is funded by the government, and managed on territorial basis (Angell 46). However, the federal government establishes the guiding policies and principles that manage it. Canadian citizens get access to preventive care and medical treatment through the provisions of the health care system.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Privatizing Health Care in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, they have access to special treatment services and other medical services. Under the health care system, all Canadian citizens have access to health coverage regardless of their economic status, medical history, or living standards (Axworthy and Spiegel 55). However, few are exempted from health coverage due to various reasons. The health care system is subject to politica l debates because of doubts regarding its ability to provide efficient health care to citizens. Many critics advocate for a private system similar to the one that Americans use. However, fears of possible development of inequalities have arisen due to privatization proposal (Angell 48. It is important to privatize health care in Canada even though it might give rise to inequalities that will affect many people. Components of the Canadian health care system The Canadian Health Act forms the basis of the Canadian health care system. It has five main components that include public administration, comprehensiveness, universality, portability, and accessibility (Axworthy and Spiegel 59). These components are the main reasons for opposition of privatization of the health care system. The act gives the authority to administer provincial health insurance to a public authority that does not seek to make any profits from delivery of services. The authority is responsible for overseeing the ac tions of the authority, and the medical and financial accounts are subject to governmental audits. The act also requires all health services to be insured. Under the act, all insured people should have equal access to all health care services (Angell 51). It also provides coverage to any citizen who moves form one province to another. Finally, it provides access to health care facilities to all citizens, and appropriate compensation for all service providers.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effects of privatization Canada has a life expectancy of about 80 years that is attributed to its health care system (Marchildon 81). In addition, it has a very low rate of infant mortality. There are proposals to change the Canadian health care system to the private system similar to the one that is adopted by the United States. Opponents of privatization argue that it will offer m ore choices, reduce the cost of health care, and improve its quality. Others claim that will improve efficiency. On the other hand, opponents of privatization argue that it will bring inefficiency and inequality in the system. According to Caulfield and Tigerstorm (66), â€Å"people will not be able to afford certain types of treatments because of high costs.† Some studies have revealed that the privatized system of the United States is less efficient than the public system of Canada. This is explained by the reliance of the U.S on private corporations for funding of health care services. The U.S considers health care as a financial commodity rather than a social services that should aim to improve the welfare of citizens. This results in unequal distribution of health care because some people are unable to pay certain premiums. Low-income earners are unable to pay and therefore, fail to get access to certain health care services that they need most (Axworthy and Spiegel 64). For example, certain treatments are only available to rich people who can afford to pay. This means that poor people cannot access these treatments because of their inability to pay the high costs. Privatizing health care in Canada will introduce inequality because certain treatments will only be offered to people who can afford to pay (Caulfield and Tigerstorm 71). Proponents of privatization argue that it will make the system more efficient by creating more facilities (Marchildon 59). This will ultimately shorten waiting lists. This argument is based on a study of the U.S. For example, in the U.S., patients who are well insured do not need to wait for long periods to get treatments such as hip replacement. According to Caulfield and Tigerstorm, (88), â€Å"patients who are not well insured will wait for very long periods before being attended to, which will reduce the waiting list but introduce inequalities.† Only people who can afford hip replacement can undergo surgeries . Under public health care system, all citizens have equal opportunities of access to all types of treatment (Marchildon 72).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Privatizing Health Care in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The quality of health care under a privatized system will be different from the quality of health care under the current system (Gratzer 38). Privatization will introduce for-profit organizations that will be responsible for managing health care. This will make the cost of health care more expensive. The amount of money that citizens spend under the current system will not buy the same health care that they buy under a privatized system (Caulfield and Tigerstorm 89). Privatization will raise premiums and cost of healthcare. It is not possible for private organizations to continue providing health care without charging higher premiums in order to make profits and cater for costs. The current system eliminates the possibility of organizations trying to make profits. According to Marchildon (63), â€Å"Under privatization, organizations that have a responsibility to their investor will assume the role of the administration of health care and will thus strive to make profits in order to satisfy investors.† This move will affect many citizens. Canada’s Medicare is one of the most effective programs among such health care programs in industrialized countries. Instead of privatization, the government should expand its scope and include long-term care and home care. The main effect of privatization is increase in costs and decline in access to health care services. Private health care One of the weaknesses of the public health care system is lack of insurance coverage for prescription medications, dental services, and optometrists (Gratzer 43). The public system only offers coverage for basic services. Companies usually offer private health insurance pla ns for citizens who can afford to pay high premiums. In organizations, they usually form part of employee incentives. Canadians that can afford have the option of buying insurance from private companies at a higher premium rate. The main reason why many people purchase private insurance coverage is to deal with the aforementioned weaknesses in the public health care system. For example, citizens who require dental services, home care, or medications usually purchase private insurance because they are not covered under provincial plans (Caulfield and Tigerstorm 79). Privatization of health care will benefit people with certain needs but be disadvantageous to the majority of Canadians. This is evident from over-reliance on the public health care system by the majority of people.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Gratzerhe (63), â€Å"the only advantage of privatization is that it offers services with reduced wait times.† However, the issue of wait time is two sided because long wait time is beneficial to some patients. For example, it eliminates the probability of medical errors. Patients who can afford to pay on time risk undergoing speedy surgeries that might have been wrongly recommended. Proponents of privatization argue that it will reduce wait time. However, this argument is misguided and should not be used as the basis for privatization. The adverse effects that privatization will have on people who cannot afford costly insurance premiums should be the basis for accepting or declining privatization. Conclusion Canadian citizens get access to preventive care and medical treatment through the provisions of the Canadian Health Act. In addition, citizens have access to several medical services. The Canadian Health Act forms the basis of the Canadian health care system . It has five main components that include public administration, comprehensiveness, universality, portability, and accessibility. Under the health care system, all Canadian citizens have access to health coverage regardless of their economic status, social status, medical history, or living standards. Politicians have blown the issue of privatization out of proportion by peddling lies that misguide citizens with regard to its effect on the health care system. The quality of health care under a privatized system will be different from the quality of health acre under the current public system. Privatization will raise premiums and cost of healthcare. It is not possible for private organizations to continue providing health care without charging higher premiums in order to make profits. The current system eliminates the possibility of organizations trying to make profits. Privatization of health care in Canada will affect the larger population that cannot afford to pay for certain ty pes of treatments. If the system is privatized, it will favor the rich who can afford to pay for certain medical treatments. The issue should be evaluated further to determine whether privatization is appropriate for Canadians or not. Works Cited Angell, Marcia. Privatizing Health Care is not the Answer: Lessons from the United States.  Canadian Medical Association Journal 19.9 (2008): 916-919. Print. Axworthy, Lloyd, and Spiegel Jerry. (2002). Retaining Canada’s Health Care System as a Global Public Good. Canadian Medical Association Journal 167.4 (2002): 365-366. Print. Caulfield, Timothy, and Tigerstorm Barbara. Health Care Reform the Law in Canada:  Meeting the Challenge. Toronto: University of Alberta, 2002. Print. Gratzer, David. Better Medicine: Reforming Canadian Health Care. New York: ECW Press, 2005. Print. Marchildon G. Health Systems in Transition: Canada. Toronto (ON): University of Toronto Press, 2005. Print. This research paper on Privatizing Health Care in Canada was written and submitted by user Kailyn Phillips to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Feminism Views Essays - Womens Rights, Free Essays, Term Papers

Feminism Views Essays - Womens Rights, Free Essays, Term Papers Feminism Views Feminism Views Women have always been a mans dependent. These two sexes have never shared the world in equality. Even in our day and age women are still heavily suppressed. I would have to say that things have certainly changed since the 1700s, 1800s, and early 1900s. Women today are progressing into the world with freedom. They have the power to be who they want to be and are no longer told who they should be. Women are getting better jobs, higher political status, and more importantly, a role in society to which they have no boundaries. Women are no longer stuck in the house. Instead they are providing for their families not only emotionally, but also financially. Today gender identity is becoming less important. This issue is central not only to public policy, but also too private relationships as well. We wouldnt be where we are today if it wasnt for the hard work and determination of people like Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Emmiline Pankhurst, and Simone de Beauvoir. Most women are n o longer facing the hardships of the 1700s, 1800s, and early 1900s. With limited education, economic rights, or social respect, women were excluded of having a voice in society. As they grew older a womans intellect gave way to beauty and social graces. At this time the only way they could succeed in the world was by marriage. Women were thought as only existing for men. Men respected women, because they were their servants, made their clothes and food, and took care of their family. In their struggle for equal rights, women faced strong opposition. Opponents argued that feminist demands would threaten society by undermining marriage and family. The Government went to great lengths to suppress women by refusing them an education. Mock2 Keeping them in ignorance would subdue them. When feminism first began the only demands made by women were a better education and a respectful position in society. One of the first women to touch base on feminism was Mary Wollstonecraft. Mary first stated her opinion of feminism in her book, Vindiction of the Rights of Women. Mary was one of the few career women of that time. She made her living as a prolific writer. Mary wanted all women to have equal citizenship, economic independence, and most importantly an education. She believed that without these things women wouldnt survive. Her main argument was the simple principle of having an education. She argued that a woman would have no idea why she has to do the things she does or cooperate with societies laws without an education. Mary thought, and I agree, that education holds the key to achieving a sense of self-respect and anew self-image that would enable women to put their capacities to good use. One of the first men to take part in feminism was John Stuart Mill. He was a British philosopher and liberal. He believed that women should be able to vote and have access to an equal education as well as the professions. He stated that this equality wouldnt be just humane, it would have the advantage of doubling the mass of mental faculties available for the higher service of humanity. Which seemed like a reasonable idea, but it wasnt accepted. Mills interest in feminism greatened when he met Harriet Taylor, who herself was a feminist. Taylor helped him shape his ideas on the urgent need for reform in womens rights. In 1867, Mill, as Member of Parliament, proposed that suffrage be extended to women. He was rejected with a 194 to 74 vote. After being turned down, his persistence never stopped. He won a broader audience after he wrote, The Subjection Mock3 of Women. In that book, Mill argued that women should be able to participate in political life and should not be barred from the workforce. When womens suffrage began to reach its peak Emmeline Pankhurst came into play. She and her daughter Christabel formed the Womens Party. These women engaged in demonstrations, disrupted political meetings, and went to jail. If they went to jail they resorted to hunger strikes. Emmeline went through ten of those hunger strikes herself. They got so out of hand that they had to be force-fed.

[WATCH] Why millennials need to find their passion

[WATCH] Why millennials need to find their passion As the head of the Henry Ford Museum, Patricia Mooridian knows a thing or two about American history. And from that knowledge, she derives inspiration for her own professional life. She knows that America is a land of innovation, a place where no problem is too big to solve. Watch her explain how she harnesses this can-do attitude in her everyday life, and how you can too. Source:[DailyFuel]

Decision and accounting making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Decision and accounting making - Essay Example From the below income statement summary, Waldron’s sales have been rising almost in all the four categories of products that they deal in. It is evident that Waldron has been experiencing significance growth as per the divisional summary report. Durafit has been hit with several market challenges including stiff competition from foreign markets. This can be witnessed even with the latest financial report that shows Durafit’s sales drop from 1, 332 million euros in the year 2012 to 1,214 million euros in the year 2012; this represented a decrease of 9%. Durafit has been struggling to come into the market as an active player but there are some issues that still hold the division. The decrease in sales also saw Durafit record low profit margin at the end of the year 2013 as compared to the year 2012. Durafit’s main challenge is the nature of its products versus customers’ taste. Durafit took time in adjusting to modern construction techniques which gave its major competitors time to adjust and conquer the market with modern building techniques. The division’s profit margin was up by 1% when both 2012 and 2013 are compared. This is one of the Waldron’s divisions that give the company an interest to continue in business. With its nature of operations, Contracts at one time experienced downfall in the U.K market which posed a threat in attaining its profits. With opening of its branch outside the U.K and completion of major projects ahead of schedule, Contracts has won the trust of major clients and has really benefited from this. Contracts’ sales improved greatly from 1,949 million euros to 1,214 million euros in the year 2012 to 2013 respectively; this represented a 12% increase. Gross profit margin was also up from 50% to 54%. This was as a result of opening up for new markets outside the U.K which saw its sales increase as a result of more tender being awarded to the division. Unlike other divisions, elite is one of the

Management Systems & Financial Information for Decision Making Assignment

Management Systems & Financial Information for Decision Making - Assignment Example Additionally, key information regarding revenue and company’s overall performance help them in their regular decision making (Tesco, 2014a; BT, 2014a). Managers and executives operate at middle level and operational level within a corporation. They are essentially responsible for a variety of operational, strategic and investment related decision making on a regular basis. However, all these decisions require accurate, consistent, timely and reliable financial information regarding firm’s activities. For instance, managers at Tesco are responsible for sales forecasting and projections and for this purpose they need information such as past revenue data, sales volume and so on. Another illustration can be, if an operational manager wishes to minimise operational cost at BT, then the manager will require information related to various general and operational expenses. Such information can be obtained only from the financial statements of BT (Tesco, 2014a; BT, 2014a). Owners and partners are ultimately held responsible for proper functioning of a business firm. Organisations such as BT and Tesco are public corporations that are managed by group of shareholders where primary decision making is done by board of directors and chairman of the company. Board of directors including the chairman are responsible for framing strategic decision such as merger and acquisition, expansion to new market, new product development and undertaking new projects. All these activities require capital and scope of future prospect for the firm. Board members generally evaluate capital structure of the company, returns on investment and overall financial position of the firm from financial prior taking long term strategic decision. Owners are mostly interested in liquidity and solvency of a firm so that they can pay off various creditors and investors (Tesco, 2014a; BT, 2014a). Organisations such as Tesco and BT have a number of

The Economic Reform of China Essay Example for Free

The Economic Reform of China Essay In the late 1970s, China initiated a full-scale economic reform in rural and urban parts of the country, because of the economic reform China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to an emerging market economy and at the same time its economy has achieved nearly a 9.5 percent average growth rate. The pace of China’s growth is not unique — Korea, Singapore and other economies in East Asia grew as fast in the 1970s and 1980s. What is unprecedented historically is its scale. The size of China’s population, market and geography, and the dynamism that flowed from economic reform and transformation are what define its impact on the rest of the world. Despite a still relatively low per capita income, the sheer size of the Chinese economy has made China a significant player in world production, consumption, trade and increasingly international finance and the environment. The historic decision on â€Å"reform and opening-up† made at the Third Plenum of the CCP Eleventh Party Congress on December 18-22, 1978, marked the beginning of China’s reform era. At the time, China had a clear desire to increase productivity and raise living standards by reforming its economic system and structure, but it did not have a clear objective of what the new system would be like. Furthermore, the reform did not have a well-designed strategy or policy measures. China’s economic reform was often distinguished from the market reform of the Soviet Union and many former socialist countries in Eastern Europe. First, unlike the case of the Soviet Union, China did not change its political system and was able to maintain political stability. Second, China’s reform process did not have a blueprint. Each step was taken after drawing the experience of the previous step. As Deng put it, the process was like a person walking across the river by feeling the rocks in each step. This characteristic was necessitated by the lack of knowledge of what kind of market economy was suitable for China on the part of the leaders. They had  to learn by experimentation. Secondly, experimentation helped convince the party members of the validity of the new institutions. The slogan â€Å"to build an economic system with Chinese characteristics† was introduced in the early 1980’s and remains in constant use in the early 2000’s. â€Å"Chinese characteristics† mean the results of experimentation that are shown to work for China. This slogan also implies that the Chinese leaders are pragmatic and not confined to a set of old Communist ideology. Recall Deng Xiaoping’s famous statement, â€Å"it does not matter whether a cat is black or white as long as it catches mice.† Pragmatism over ideology is an important trait of China’s reform process. China’s reform measures that resulted from experimentation include the â€Å"household responsibility system† in agriculture, autonomy and the †contract responsibility system† for state industrial enterprises, the free economic zones as experiments for foreign trade and investment policies, and the introduction of share-holding companies in Jiang Zemin’s report of September 1997 partly as a result of the successful experience of some small and medium sized state enterprises that was initiated by the individual enterprises themselves. One advantage of China’s economic condition over that of the Soviet Union at the early stage of reform was that the Chinese farmers knew how to farm as private farmers. Collective farming was introduced under the Commune System only in 1958, twenty years before the reform. The farmers still remembered how to farm and they also had some practice in 1963-1965 during the president of Liu Shaoqi who introduced some elements of private farming after the economic collapse of the Great Leap Forward Movement of 1958-62. On the other hand collective farming had been introduced in the 1930’s, sixty years before the reform of the Soviet economy in the early 1990’s. Russian farmers did not know how to farm as individual farmers. The large increase of agricultural productivity in China served as the basis for further economic growth and reform. In 1977, Deng Xiaoping made it clear that performance should be the main consideration in the economic and social advancement of individuals. In  other words, professionalism and results should count. Furthermore, he emphasized the importance of academics and scientists for the future of the economic development and the international standing of China. He thought that this should be more widely recognized by the Chinese people. During 1978, Deng Xiaoping’s reform philosophy gained growing support in the CCP and its desirability was accepted in December 1978 at the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee. This session proved to be a turning point in the direction of China’s policies for its economic and social development. It was decided at this meeting that the system and methods of economic management in China would be transformed; economic co-operation with other countries would be expanded; special efforts would be made to adopt the world’s advanced technologies and equipment; and that scientific and educational work would be greatly strengthened to meet the needs of modernization. The importance of the four modernizations (modernizing agriculture, industry, national defense, science and technology) was emphasized. 2.0. Meaning of reform 2.1. Agriculture Beginning in 1978 several major institutional reforms have been undertaken. First is the adoption of the household responsibility system in agriculture. Collective farming under the Commune system introduced by Mao in 1958 in the Great Leap Forward Movement was being practiced. Farmers worked as a team consisting of some forty persons. A farmer could not get extra reward by working harder because all members of the team would share the additional output due to his additional labor. Chinese farmers deserved credit for initiating reform in agriculture. Some farmers realized that if they farmed separately the team could produce more in total and still delivered the same amount of output required by the procurement system for government distribution of agricultural products in the economy. The Commune system was changed as the team was reorganized by distributing its land to individual households to farm separately, each getting the additional reward for additional labor after delivering a fixed amount of  output to the team for delivery to the government procurement agencies. Such practice was introduced and spread in many areas of the country. In 1978, Deng recognized its beneficial effects and adopted it as a national policy and called it the â€Å"household responsibility system.† Agricultural output increased rapidly in China. The farmers became richer. The success of reform in agriculture served as the foundation of reform in other sectors not only by increasing the supply of food but also by changing the ideological thinking of Communist Party members in support of a market economy. 2.2. State-owned Enterprises Reform of Chinese state enterprises is an example of a gradual approach to economic reform through experimentation. The first was to give state enterprises some autonomy in production, marketing and investment decisions rather than simply carrying out the decisions under a system of central planning. The experiment began in late 1978 with six enterprises in Sichuan Province. By the end of June 1980, 6,600 industrial enterprises that were allowed to make such autonomous decisions produced about 45 percent of the total output of all state industrial enterprises. The second was to make them financially independent, allowing them to keep the earnings as their own profits after paying taxes to the state, rather than as revenue belonging to the government. The third was to introduce a responsibility system similar to the household responsibility system in agriculture, first to selected parts of the enterprise under the important reform Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in October 1984, and later to an enterprise in 1987. Under the responsibility system, a part of an enterprise was allowed to keep the remaining profit after surrendering a fixed amount to the enterprise controlling it. In 1987, further reform of the state enterprises was carried out under the â€Å"contract responsibility system.† After paying a fixed tax to the government having jurisdiction over it, each state enterprise was allowed to keep the remaining profit for distribution to its staff and workers and for capital investment. Within one year in 1987, almost all state enterprises were under the new â€Å"contract responsibility system.† The idea of such a system sounded appealing to the economic officials who designed it, as witnessed by the  author who participated at meetings with these officials. However, the incentives provided under the system turned out to be less impressive than expected. First, the so-called fixed levy to each enterprise was not really fixed but was subject to change depending on the profits of the enterprise. The tax was increased when the profits were higher than expected. This partly destroyed the incentives provided by a fixed levy, which would not interfere with the optimal marginal cost and benefit calculations of the enterprise. Secondly, the additional revenue was not put into good use. The managers could not receive sufficient compensation because a high salary to management was socially and ideologically unacceptable. When profits were high the workers received additional compensation in the form of durable goods such as color TV sets and refrigerators because money wage had to follow a fixed scale nationally. The additional reward was not dependent on additional effort. Third, investment policy might not be optimal in the sense that risk taking by a manager was not sufficiently compensated. Forth, the quality of the managers was poor in general because they were not trained under a free market system. Bureaucracy and personal connections determined the selection of manager to a considerable extent. Significant steps on state enterprise reform were taken in the late 1990’s as stated in the important report of Jiang Zemin to the Congress of the Communist Party in September 1997. China government was to give up ownership and control of small and medium sized state enterprises while keeping the control of large enterprises. Shares were issued for a small or medium enterprise, to be purchased by its managers and staff. The state would give up most of its shares. This would help an infusion of capital to the enterprise. In many instances, the incentives provided to the workers who share a part of the profits were significant. The large enterprises can be transformed to various forms depending on the circumstances, but most of these enterprises were to become shareholding companies of one kind or another, with the state controlling the majority shares. From my point of view, changing the form of ownership on paper alone could not and does not make the enterprise efficient. First, the management itself may not be improved. The lack of qualified managers of modern corporations in China cannot be resolved by such reform. Second, many managers were still selected  by personal connections under the Chinese bureaucratic system. One manager told the author that the new system did not change the supervision and authority his former bosses. These same people now became members of the board under the new system. Some managers also complained that the time spent on committee and board meetings increased under the new system. In some instances, the government was willing to sell the entire enterprise to a foreign investor, especially a person of Chinese decent living in Hong Kong or a South Eastern Asian country. There are examples of successful transformation of large state enterprises. 2.3. The Banking and Financial Sector When the planning system was being changed from â€Å"compulsory† planning to â€Å"guidance† planning as stipulated by the October 1984 Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party a macro-economic control mechanism was to be introduced which required a more modern banking system. Before economic reform, the People’s Bank was a mono-bank that had branches to accept deposits from the public. Its other functions were to issue currency and to extend loans to state enterprises according to the need specified and approved by the planning authority. It had no authority to decide on these loans. Commercial banks did not exist in the sense of being able to extend credits to enterprises according to the criterion of profitability. In 1983 the People’s Bank was nominally transformed into a central bank. Specialized banks, including the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China and the People’s Construction Bank of China, were established and given some autonomy in the extension of credits in the early 1980’s in the same way that state industrial enterprises were given autonomy to make production decisions. This led to the rapid increase in the supply of currency in 1984 by 50% and an inflation rate of 8.8% by the overall retail price index in 1985. Reforms of the banking system to serve a market economy (as the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party declared China’s economy to be a socialist market economy in October 1992) progressed gradually in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. In November 1993, the Third Plenum of the 14th Central Committee of the Communist Party decided to accelerate reform of the financial sector by giving more independence to the People’s Bank as a central bank and transforming the specialized banks to  commercial banks. Two significant dates are March 18, and May 10, 1995, when the People’s Congress passed respectively the Law on The People’s Bank of China and the Commercial Banking Law. Although there the provisions of these laws were not actually carried out in practice, the laws provide a blueprint for the banking system and serve as a convenient framework for us to understand the working of the system. Banking reform is one important example to demonstrate the rule that institutions cannot be changed by legislation alone. Besides the banking system, other financial institutions were changed. In 1981 the government formed the China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC) to attract foreign capital. Similar investment trusts under the sponsorship of provincial governments followed. Stock markets in Shanghai and Shenzhen were established in the early 1990s. As pensions were provided under a new social security system, pension funds became an important source for savings and investment. The domestic insurance business, after being suspended for over twenty years, was reopened. Foreign insurance companies have been allowed to operate in China. The financial sector can be expected to expand further as foreign companies enter under the provisions of the WTO. 2.4. Education system Concerning the education system, while China had a combination of private and public schools at all levels before 1949, the education system was drastically changed in the early 1950’s. All schools were brought under government control, with private schools and universities taken over by public educational organizations. Higher education was modeled after the Soviet education system. Universities were broken up into colleges specializing in technical training. The special technical schools were administered by the government units requiring the services of their graduates. The operation of the education system was seriously interrupted by the Cultural Revolution, with many colleges and universities closed and school enrollment drastically reduced. Ever since economic reform started China’s educational system quickly returned to normal and began to improve. Universities were opened after the interruptions of the Cultural Revolution. Students were given opportunities to take examinations to enter universities and graduate schools. Intellectuals who had been criticized and mistreated were restored to their previous status and given due respect. People were eager to learn. Students seized upon their educational opportunities and studied diligently. The population as a whole wanted to absorb new ideas and knowledge from the outside world since they had been deprived of such knowledge when China was closed to the outside world. Foreign scholars and professionals of all kinds were invited to China to lecture, in schedules so full that even enthusiastic lecturers became exhausted. The Ministry of Education and the State Education Commission from 1985 to 1998, sponsored programs to cooperate with foreign educational institutions to improve education in China. At the same time individual universities were given the freedom to invite foreign scholars to lecture and they did so effectively. Students were sent abroad to study, and were permitted to go abroad by their own initiatives. Modern textbooks were adopted in university courses. Efforts were made to translate modern texts into Chinese and to write new texts in Chinese. As time went on, the skill in modern languages especially English improved rapidly and texts in English began to be adopted. 3.0. Conclusion In summary economic reform consisted of changes in agriculture system, reform of state enterprises, reform of banking and financial sector, and education system, which the changes taking place step by step depending on the results of and experience gained in previous steps. Many shortcomings of the China’s economic reform remain, but rapid economic growth continues. China’s economic development cannot be understood without taking into account its historical, political and cultural background. Based on the above discussion, we may learn seven major lessons from Chinese economic reforms. First, the most important principle for a successful transition from a planned economy to a market economy is pragmatism. Second, the incremental approach generates the momentum from earlier reform success and thus provides a political basis for the further reforms. Third, successful reforms rely on political support, which in turn depend on delivering tangible benefits to a large majority of the population. In addition, there are high international hopes that China will continue to be an engine  contributing to global economic growth for some time to come and signs of economic recovery in China have strengthened global economic confidence in recovery from the current economic recession.

Women Sport Athlete Injuries Essay -- essays research papers

The number of girls and women participating in all levels of sports has risen greatly in recent years, and the way they play has changed too. Women's sports used to be played by a slow defensive style. Today, the sports are played with speed, precision, and power. With these changes have come increased injuries, and female athletes have higher injury rates than men in many sports. Knee injuries have been rising in female sports. Anterior crutiate ligament (ACL) injuries have become the most common injury in the knee to female athletes. Females are four times more susceptible to injury then men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ACL is a dynamic structure whose main function is to provide primary restraint to anterior tibial subluxation. It provides secondary restraint limiting internal rotation and restraint with the knee in full extension. Along with the posterior crutiate ligament, it provides the axis for knee rotation and links rotation with flexion and extension.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ligament is primarily made up of two bands, the anteromedial and posterolateral, and an intermediate band sometimes present. The ACL runs from the posteromedial portion of the lateral femoral condyle in an inferior, anterior, and medial orientation to an area just lateral to the medial tibial eminence. The posterolateral band is tightest when the knee is in extension, and the anteromedial band is tightest with the knee in flexion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The majority of ACL injuries suffered during athletic participation are of the noncontact variety. Three main noncontact mechanisms have been identified planting and cutting, straight-knee landing and one-step stop landing with the knee hyperextended. Pivoting and sudden deceleration are also common mechanisms of noncontact ACL injury. Basketball, soccer, and volleyball consistently produce some of the highest ACL injury rates across various age groups. Other activities with a high rate of injury are gymnastics, martial arts, and running. In most sports, injuries occur more often in games than in practice. Many injuries have occurred during the first 30 minutes of play. One-reason physicians are seeing more ACL injuries in female patients that more women play sports, and they play more intensely. But as they continued to do more studies, they are finding that women's higher rate of ACL is probably due ... ...tead of one big one. Building your leg muscles, especially your hamstrings can help prevent ACL injury. Be thoroughly warmed up before jumping and pivoting hard. It is a good idea to be actually sweating when you are warming up. When you are exhausted, you shouldn't be playing. Never play in pain and if the pain continues to return when you begin to play again after resting. Some shoes are too good for playing. If there is too much traction, your foot won't give way on fast stops, and the resulting torque on your knee can rip the ligament. Lastly, stick to a sport you love. If you think you are insecure about the sport you are in, and feel that it is too risky, then go into something that makes you feel comfortable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Females have taken great strides to be able to accomplish as much as males in a male dominant world. Women are more competitive and are able to play at great intensity that was thought impossible several decades ago. It is sad that women have many factors against them, making them more susceptible to injuries. Injuries occur all the time. Although there are many suggestions as to how to prevent ACL injuries, we cannot control everything.

What Are the Different Forms of Literature?

Literature is a form of expression. It is an expression of one's feeling, ideas, emotions, personal experience and imagination. It conveys through a piece of writing that can be valued in the works of art, especially, novels, plays and poems. It is divided into two fictional and non-fictional literatures. Fictional literature is based on imagery writing than reality. It provides information, education and entertainment to the readers. Non-fictional literature is based on reality. It denotes about the facts, real places, real events and character. The world of literature suggests an art form. Works of literature particularly represent a genre. Literature can be varied from one generation to another generation. Great literatures transform the man who reads it towards the man who wrote it. The life of human and nature is explored in the way of literature. The good literature has emotional element, the element of imagination and fancy, the element of composition and style. Literature is an expression of life. It is the man's script of thoughts and emotion. It is characterized by permanent qualities. Every great work comes from an ideal person, to know his ideal record we should read his literature. Literature talks about the ideals of people, love, faith, duty and friendship. Literature can be classified into novel, short story and dramas. The concept of literature varied over time. British literature was considered one of the most widespread literatures in the world. This was the period, which faced lots of inventions and developments in the England. All the developments were influenced by the authors and imitated in their own works. There was also a great development in British literature. England flourished from the year 800 BC. British literature includes the works of old English, middle English and modern English each denoted different periods. The most important events in England were the Germanic invasions. Germanic was followed by Angles and Saxons. Angles and Saxons were established in various parts of the Britain. British literature states about the human and of its experience. It describes about the difficulty of achieving the community. Common people's problems were reflected in the periodicals and newspapers. Humanism became the most important in the life of intellectuals and in the English literature. It was the fundamental quality found in the people of the renaissance period. British literature was bound up with historical shifts of British identity. The most important historical event was the Hundred Year's war, the Black Death this made many writers to write about it. Many people were encouraged to translate Latin works into English. English were recorded in chronicles this was the first historical record. English was wide spread all over the country of England. By the year 1300 English was used by all classes of people. The most common goal of the poet was to make English more flexible. During the fifteenth century English language attained the modern form. Poetry was more essential in the seventh and eighth century of England. Poetic talents were highly valued in the English literature. Heroic couplet, ballad and sonnets were some of the important thing introduced in the English literature. This made the poetry writing even more effectiveness in the literature. The prose of old English has only the English soil and not the Germanic origins. There was a rise in morality play in the fourteenth century. It teaches people about morals and values of human lives. The Canterbury Tales was one of the famous works of Chaucer which reflects the society of England and the real characters who lived in the society. The most remarkable thing in England was the invention of printing press by Caxton in 1476. The invention made a huge development that all the books in the manuscript were changed into printed books. It encouraged writings of all kinds of works and also improved the standardization of English language. The age reason can be divided into three The Restoration Age, The Augustan Age and The Age of Johnson. There was a great development in scientific inventions like navigation, shipbuilding and discoveries of sea route. Queen Elizabeth Age was considered one of the fruitful periods of English history. She made a lot of developments in English history. The Elizabethan literature reflects the new nationalism. Many new genres, themes, ideas were introduced in English literature. Elizabethan literature commonly influenced self-confident and about the expanding of nation powers and increasing the wealth. In the sixteenth and seventeenth century drama was flourished in England in the works of university wits. Jacobean drama started with the drama including the Shakespeare's plays. Drama continued to expand until the theaters were closed. Novels were popular in the Britain. The novels were considered not only the form of entertainment but also means of analyzing and offering solutions social and political problems. The century was ended with gothic novels. The development of poetry, novels and drama attained a great height. It was influenced by the pupil because of the humanism, morality and the historical truth which arouses interest towards the people.

Wendy Citrarasa

PT. WENDY CITRARASA Alexandre Richard Arief Putratama Said Ryandiaz ACCOUNTING – 4 [pic] Campus BSD – City Bumi Serpong Damai – 15321 Island of Java – Indonesia June 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, we would like to thank God Almighty for His blessing during the process from the start until the end of the interview at PT. Wendy Citrarasa. Our group would also like to thank PT. Wendy Citrarasa, who managed to spare us some time for the interview and provide resources in order to finish the project. Especially to Mr.Ipeng Widjojo, the owner of Wendy’s for this opportunity. The knowledge came from this project has been a great opportunity on a real business example on a corporate marketing. Author also thank to Mr. Bernadus Agus Finardi (Swiss German University Marketing lecturer) for his assitance towards the project. In the end, we would like to apologize if there is any unintentional mistakes. It is our deepest expectation that this project paper may broaden up the knowledge of the readers and we appreciate any feedbacks. Thank you. BSD City, 2011 abstract PT. WENDY CITRARASA his paper are a compilation of what the student had learn during in class session with Mr. Bernardus Agus Finardi, and the interview with Mr. Ipeng Widjojo as the Head of PT. Wendy Citrarasa. The purpose of this paper is to make student able to understand more about marketing theory, and the marketing behind PT. Wendy Citrarasa. The interview was held on 26th may 2011 by Mr. Ipeng Widjojo himself. This project is expected to be submitted on 10th june 2011. The group are expected to anlyze the real case in indonesia from the perspective of Customer Driven Marketing Strategy.The extends of the topic includes some chapter in the Principle of Marketing book which are Company General Overview, Marketing Environment and Analysis, Marketing Strategy, Marketing Mix, Customer Driven Marketing Strategy, New-Products Development, Pricing Products: Understanding a nd Caputring Customer Value, and Advertising & Public Relations. a. Background 1. TOPIC’S BACKGROUND Fast food refers to food that can be prepared and served quickly. Fast food restaurants usually have a walk up counter or drive-thru window where you order and pick up your food.There is a lot of international fast food restaurants in Indonesia such as Mcdonalds, KFC, Burger King, and many more. Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers (simply known as Wendy's) is an international fast food restaurant founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The company decided to move its headquarters to Dublin, Ohio, on January 29, 2006. As of March 2010, Wendy's was the world's third largest hamburger fast food chain with approximately 6,650 locations, following McDonald's 31,000+ locations and Burger King's 12,000+ locations.On April 24, 2008, the company announced a merger with Triarc, the parent company of Arby's. Despite the new ownership, Wendy's headquart ers remained in Dublin. Previously, Wendy's had rejected more than two buyout offers from Triarc Companies Inc. Following the merger, Triarc became known as Wendy's/Arby's Group, a publicly traded company. (RUPSLB), which was held on August 10, 2010. PT Wendy Citrarasa is the firm that covers all the Wendy’s franchise in Indonesia. Currently, it is owned by Ipeng Widjojo, who had studied in the Boston University back in the early 1990s 2. Interview PurposeThe purpose of the interview is to make student understand about marketing in reality and to make student learn about the process in the company. Added on, it will give student experience which be useful for student’s future. 3. methodology This report is a combination from what the writer has learned from university and during the interview period with Mr. Ipeng Widjojo 1. 4 Theory review According to some reliable references, Marketing is â€Å"the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communic ating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Marketing is a product or service selling related overall activities. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. It is an integrated process through which companies build strong customer relationships and create value for their customers and for themselves. Marketing is used to identify the customer, satisfy the customer, and keep the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that marketing management is one of the major components of business management.Marketing evolved to meet the stasis in developing new markets caused by mature markets and overcapacities in the last 2-3 centuries The adoption of marketing strategies requires businesses to shift their focus from production to the perceived needs and wants of their customers as the means of staying profitable. Ma rketing is used to identify the customer, satisfy the customer, and keep the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that marketing management is one of the major components of business management. 1. 5 company general overviewWendy’s/Arby’s Group, Inc. is the nation’s third largest quick service restaurant company and is comprised of the Wendy’s and Arby’s brands, two companies distinguished by traditions of quality food and service. The company, with approximately $12 billion in system-wide sales, owns or franchises over 10,000 restaurants. Approximately 77% of Wendy's restaurants are franchised, the majority of which are located in North America. Wendy's and its affiliates employ more than 46,000 people in its global operations. In fiscal year 2006, the firm had $2. 469 billion (USD) in total sales.While Wendy's sets standards for exterior store appearance, food quality and menu, individual owners have con trol over hours of operations, interior decor, pricing and staff uniforms and wages. Wendy’s arrived in Indonesia back in 1992. In 1997, Wendy’s Indonesia franchise was bought by PT Sirat. Back in year 2006, PT Wendy Citrarasa bought the franchise from PT Sirat. Currently, it has 26 outlets, which covers some major cities in Indonesia such as Jakarta, Bandung, Jogjakarta, and Surabaya. [pic] Wendy’s current logo [pic][pic] 1. 5. 1 vision of WENDY’STo continuously grow stakeholder value by leveraging the strengths of our vibrant, independent restaurant brands 1. 5. 2 mission of wendy’s People Maintain aligned, people-driven culture and values. ?Attract, retain, and develop top talent. ?Offer performance-driven compensation and rewards. Brands Support independent, relevant, and healthy brands focused on sales growth and profitability. Select and support excellent brand leadership (CEO, President, CMO, etc. ). Profitability Set metrics for performance in sales and profits (EBITDA). ?Maintain a lean and efficient support organization.Growth Provide strategies and resources for growth initiatives (new units, remodels, day part expansion, other new platforms, international expansion, refranchising, etc. ).? Seek acquisitions of other brands and opportunities for growth. Value Establish metrics for creating shareholder value. Provide attractive franchisee ROI/value and competitive business models. Demonstrate community-minded citizenship, and giving back by sharing the wealth. 1. 5. 3 WENDY’S CORE VALUE Integrity We pledge honesty, integrity and ethical behavior in everything we do. AccountabilityWe hold ourselves and our teams accountable to deliver positive results. Respect We treat people the way we would like to be treated. Responsibility We believe in giving back to improve the quality of life in our communities. Innovation We strive to become better every day, both personally and in the services and products we produce. Teamwork We are willing to put the team and the team’s needs before our own needs. Opportunity We believe in creating opportunity for our people to reach their full potential. B. Marketing Environment & Analysis 1. Microeconomics – The companyTalking about interrelated groups such as top management, finance, research & development (R&D), purchasing, operations, and accounting, Wendy’s Restaurant have the internal environment as follow : [pic] From above, we can see that Wendy’s restaurant has five departments, which are marketing, operational, bussiness development, supply chain, and finance. Esspecially for the marketing department, they work closely with other departments in making decision in marketing strategies, and all of the interrelated departments have an impact on the marketing department’s plan and action.They work to achieve goals which is customer value and satisfaction. Supplier Talking about the supplier of Wendy’s Restaurant , it will be closely to the material of the foods & drinks and others properties. Generally, 20% of food materials is still imported. For the basic material of the recipe, like cheese, seasoning (chili, tomato), etc, it is imported from the international supplier. The reason is due to the taste of those imported material is different from the local material, and if Wendy’s use the local material, it causes the different original recipe of Wendy’s menu.Similarly, Wendy’s also imported beef from the international supplier, and the reason is same, which is the different taste. While, they use local supplier for the chicken. Marketing Intermediaries They have no marketing intermediaries because they only sale their product by their own store. Customer The customer of Wendy’s is consumer market which consist of individual and household that buy foods and drinks for personal consumption. Competitor They said that the competitor of Wendy’s is all the fast food restaurant such as McDonalds, A&W, Burger King, etc.They claim that they have the superiority in some menu like burger, baked potatoes compare to their competitor. Public General public which is Wendy’s need to be concern about general pabric attitude toward its product and activities because the public image of the Wendy’s will affect its buying. 2. Macroevironment Demographic Environment Based on survey, Wendy’s menu can attract all gender, but for the age they said that old people prefer some less oil menu like baked potato, salad and soup while the younger people prefer the menu like burger, fried chicken, and french fries. Economic EnvironmentTalking about economic condition of their consumer especially in Indonesia Wendy’s has segmentation to reach middle up class. Natural Environment Is natural resources that are needed as inputs by Wendy’s such as meat, vegetables, and seasoning food material. Technological Environment Is a forces tha t create new technologies, creating new product and market oportunities. As a fast food restaurant, Wendy’s has use some technology that supported its operating process. For example: when customer order the food, the waitress directly tell to the other part of kitchen using mic which relates him to the staff in the kitchen.So, kitchen staff can make the food order faster. Political Environment Is laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence and limit various organization and individuals in a given society. Especially in Indonesia, the laws that closely related to the food business is about â€Å"Halal†. So, in implementing their business, Wendy’s sale the halal product to attract their customer in Indonesia. Cultural environment Is made up institution and other forces that affect society’s basic values, perseption, preferences, and behaviour.Wendy’s as a branch of West culture restaurant has been sucsessful bringing its own culture to Indonesia. We can see that condition from many Indonesian people like the western food including Wendy’s restaurant. Generally the influence of microenvironment and macroenvironment for the company is about how Wendy’s restaurant can research, plan, and implement their marketing strategy by considering both of the environment in order to achieve customer value and satisfaction. While, the obstacle of microenvironment and macro environment for Wendy’s restaurant is: (CompetitorWendy’s must compete to many fast food restaurant in Indonesia. Such as McDonald, KFC, Burger King, CFC, A&W, etc which has their own specialty. So, Wendy’s has to improve their quality and promotion to achieve customer value and satisfaction. (Political Wendy’s has to face many rules and laws in Indonesia which can limit the freedom to make the creativity of their own menu. C. Marketing Mix Chapter 3 Marketing Environment The microenvironment in Wendy’s will help Wendy’s to build relationship with customers. Because all of the streams of company’s environment will connect with the marketing team.The company’s has all interrelated groups of people. The company has suppliers from Indonesia and foreign countries. They still need the US for the burgers because the taste of beef is very elastic in accordance of geographical side. These suppliers are very different in behavior, needs, interests, and everything. The marketing intermediaries help to promote, sell, and distribute its products to final buyers. They include resellers, physical distribution firms, marketing service agencies, and financial intermediaries. In Wendy’s they only have physical distribution firms marketing service agencies, and financial intermediaries.Marketing service agencies is fully controlled and walk solely with other division. And also banks is in company’s important role. The customers hold a very important role in the life of the company. The company will surely give the customers best service, quality and everything that counts into account to make the customers loyal to the company. Mr. Widjojo says that quality that is the one thing that attracts customers. The competitors of Wendy’s are the other fast food companies like Kentucky Fried Chicken, A&W, McDonald’s, and other domestic food channels like Hoka-Hoka Bento, and so on.Chapter 4 Wendy’s have its own marketing information system to support the daily operations of Wendy’s. Because of the many division Wendy’s have, they need its own marketing information system to help the. Information system will create better information for the marketing team and in the end, the marketers will have better target, and win the goal of company’s challenge. Wendy’s keep daily sales and transfer the data to the headquarters. So they can budget and give approximation for the stocks of food in the store. So, internal database is very crucial in the company’s aim to have better service.In other words, Wendy’s does market research on the design, collection, analysis, and reporting of data in marketing to improve the effectiveness of selling. When Wendy’s wants to launch a new product, they always start it with doing market research and take information from customers. Usually Wendy’s does survey research. And take sample from it, which is their customer. After that the information is given to the market researchers. And make something out of the research. Chapter 5 Consumer Markets and Consumer Buyer Behavior The customer’s cultural factors aren’t applied in Wendy’s.Because everybody’s with middle – middle-upper economic power will buy their product. Do not affect about occupation, gender, age, lifestyles, personality, everybody is willing to buy Wendy’s because Wendy’s is very for everybody. Wendy’s does not take segmented markets for limited buyer, for example, bacons, pork, and something like that. And that helps the market to feel that it’s for everybody. There’s no limitation of buyers. Chapter 7 Customer Driven Marketing Strategy Wendy’s market segmentation is for middle – middle-upper segment. And people will buy if they have the power of buying.And for big middle-up families that want to gather around. Wendy’s position itself in the market different than the other fast food competitors like Kentucky Fried Chicken, McDonald’s, A&W, etc. quality is their pinpoint of marketing. Most middle-upper consumers are smart buyers. They can choose what’s good and not. So, Wendy’s does not want to deceive the customers by reducing the quality. So, Wendy’s set the customers as their exemplary. Value that Wendy’s given to customers are value in a way. People does not think about the â€Å"a little bit pricey† price, because consumers believe that the price is okay with the quality they give to them.Chapter 8 Branding Strategy The brand is well-known in the world and it has been in Indonesia since 1980s. And every part of the world is held by one franchisee. So it is not so difficult to market the product. But every part of country has its unique product by geographical side. Chapter 10 Pricing Products: Pricing Strategies The price set by Wendy’s Citra Rasa is based on research, and the value they give in the service, food and everything else they put into their food. Factors to consider when setting prices were very vast. There is value based pricing; good value pricing and value added pricing.Value based pricing uses buyers’ perception of value, not the sellers’ cost as the key to pricing. Value-based pricing means that the marketer cannot design / make a product and marketing program and set the price. Price is considered along with other marketing mix variables before the mark eting program is set. [pic] Good value pricing offers the right combination and quality and good service at a fair price. For example, Burger King offers value meal for less than the total of the selected food. In other words, good value pricing give the consumers more quality for the same price or more quality for even less.Value added pricing is a way to build pricing power, to escape the price competition and to justify higher prices and margins without losing market share. It’s better not to cut prices to challenge competitors, but to give value added services and then, support higher prices. Even nowadays it is not always about price, but to keep customers loyal by giving them service that others do not give to them So, in this company’s case, all of the above strategies is used by Wendy’s Citra Rasa. They give customers what they want, and give them service and quality customers do not get anywhere else.Mr. Ipeng said that in Wendy’s everything is d ifferent than the other restaurant in Indonesia. â€Å"It is all about timing. † everything was timed and very precise. The timing is the quality Wendy’s give into service to customers. It promises the customer what is the goodness and healthiness of the food they eat. Also, Wendy’s marketing team uses a strategy they called, Customer Testing Profile. This strategy is used to give random customers a free sample of new product to test. They compiled customer’s opinion and give report to the headquarters.And the headquarters give commands to other division, say, operational division, and then, the decision is taken whether the new product should be launched or not. All the sales daily report is given to the headquarters. In that case, they can decide when to raise the price. Wendy’s can raise the price by monthly sales journal, and check which are the bestseller products in every stores. When they know it, usually they raise the price Rp 1000  œ Rp 5000. Chapter 15 Advertising & Public Relation Wendy’s Citrarasa has its own marketing and advertising division.This division controls all the design, public relations, and everything that is connected to communicating to customers. The main advertising objective is to make people interested in the product they create. Strategies Wendy’s have applied to their advertising method is †¢ The advertising strategy that they have done up to now is always below the line. They haven’t ever tried above the line (TV ads). Unlike any other fast food rivals, that have tried above the line and getting mediocre response, Wendy’s always does below the line but it has gain some serious markets in it. Routine type of adverts that they have applied to their stores is for example, when people come to their store, the waiter / cashier always ask and give customers recommendation of new products so they can try their new products. And Wendy’s store manager tri ed to ask the customers’ feedback by asking how good is the food today, etc. †¢ Promotional, they applied some method in running their business also, for example, free upsize for drinks and French fries for buying the new mushroom cheese burger.It is promotional because it is only for a limited time, and soon the promotion terminated. In the ads problem, Wendy’s has never encountered any problem. The downside is, sometimes the advertising is so good until the stock of food they run is empty. And they cannot serve customers no more. It happens when new products has been launched. D. Marketing Strategies 1. Managing Marketing Information to Gain Customer Inside Before implementing their marketing strategies / information to customer, Wendy’s do the research of what their customers like, especialy in Western menu.Then they also compare their menu to the competitor, so what the competitor sale will be considered by Wendy’s. Wendy’s also implement their marketing research by looking for the problem that appears (among their stores, their customers, their suppliers, their own managements, and other things) that can hamper their operation. Information system is very important for Wendy’s which can provide the actual data happened. For examples: the complete data of sales which consist of what product sold, kind of product sold, highest sales among 26 stores.One of terminology that Wendy’s has is â€Å"If you fail to plan, you plan to fail†. That terminology always remember by their company before doing marketing research. That words means that the marketing strategy and plan are the main basic for implementing the marketing action because if Company’s makes a mistake in doing the marketing planing, it will make the bad effects of marketing action which cause the failure. For detail the ways that Wendy’s do marketing research as follow: – Defining the problem and research objectivesMarke ting research projects might have one of 3 types of objectives which are : to gather preliminary information that will help defines problems and suggest hypoteses (exploratory research); to better describe marketing problems, situation, or markets, such as the market potential for a product or demographic and attitudes of consumers (descriptive research); to test hypotesis about cause-and-effect relationship (causal research) – Developing the research plan Research objectives must be translated into spesific information needs. The research plan should be presented in written proposal.A written proposal is especially important when the research project is large and complex or when an outside firm carries it out. The proposal should cover the management problem addresed and the research objective, the information to be obtain, and the way the result will help management decision making. The proposal also should include research cost. – Gathering secondary data Secondary data is information that already exist somewhere, having been collected for another purpose. For example: Wendy’s use the data of population demographic in Indonesia. – Primary data collectionPrimary data is information collected for spesific purpose at hand. Some research approach of primary data collection are observational research, ethnographic research, survey research, experimental research. Wendy’s use survey research which is gathering primary data by asking people question about their knowledge, attitudes, preferences, and buying behavior. – Implementing the research plan The researcher puts the marketing research plan into action. This involve collecting, processing, and analysing the information. Researcher should watch closely to make sure that the plan is implemented correctly.Researcher must also process and analysis the collected data to isolate important information and findings. – Interpreting and reporting the finding Researcher m ust interpret the findings, draw conclusion, and report them to management. Researcher should present important findings that are useful in the major decision faced by management. Managers and researcher must work together closely when interpreting research result, and both must share responsibility for the research process and resulting decision, 2. Consumer Markets and Consumer Buyer Behaviour. The kinds of characteristic that affecting consumer behaviour is: – AgeYounge people prefer menu like burger, fried chicken, french fries, and softdrink while the older customer prefer some food which has less oil like salad, baked potatoes and soup. It is because the age influence the physical and health condition of people. So, older people prefer some food that can bring the healthiness for them. But, whatever the product is both of them are prioritizing the quality. – Economic The consumer market of Wendy’s is middle up class because comparing to the other Indonesia food restaurant the price of Wendy’s restaurant is higher than them.The motives of the buyer that affect the willingness to buy the Wendy’s product is physicological needs which is hunger and thirst. Especially the drive or motive of customer to fulfill physical need through Wendy’s is a quality offered and the kind of the menu that the competitor don’t have it. The process going before customer going to buy Wendy’s product is: – Need recognition Is the first state of the buyer decision process, in which the consumer recognizes a problem or need, in this case hunger and thirst. – Information searchIs the stages of a buyer decision process in which the consumer is arrowsedto search for more information; the consumer may simply have heightened attention or may go into active i nformation search. In this case the consumer of Wendy’s have decide to find the food and drink which can satisfy them from hunger and thirsst, so they wil l pay more attention to the advertising of restaurant through website, brochure, and also the location of restaurant. – Evaluation of alternatives Is the stages of buyer decision process in which the consumer use information to evaluate alternatives brand in the choise sets.Consumer swill face some choise of restaurant that can fulfill their needs, generally they will evaluate the kind of western food or Indonesian food or other kind food. And then after they choose Western food, they will evaluate again some brands of the similar food which is the competitors of Wendys such as McDonald, KFC, A&W, Burger King, CFC, etc. – Purchase decision Is the buyer decision about which brand to purchase. Generally, the consumer purchase decision will be to buy the most preffered brand, but 2 factors can come between the purchase intention and purchase decision.The first action is the attitude of others. In this case if the customer’s friends think that he should buy the spec ial menu at Wendy’s then the chances of his buying at other restaurant are reduce. The second factor is unexpected situational factor. The consumer may form a purchase intention based on factor such expected income, expected price, and expected program benefit. In this case if the consumer friend promote or tell him that there are discunt at Wendy’s then he will have the intention to buy Wendy’s product. – Postpurchase BehaviourIs the stages of the buyer decision process in which the consumer takes further action after purchase base on their satisfaction or disatisfaction. The answer lies in the relationship between the consumer expectation and the product percieved performance. If the products fall short of expectation, the consumer is dissapointed; if it meets expectation the consumer is satisfied; if it axceeds expectation, the consumer is delighted. The management of Wendy’s says that almost consumer of Wendy’s will be satisfied even mor e delighted because they guarantee that Wendy’s give the best quality to their consumer.So, they’re sure that their customer will satisfied and doing the repeat consumption. 3. Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy – Market segmentation Dividing a market into smaller groups with distinc needs, characteristic, or behaviour who might require separate products or marketing mix. a. Demographic The demographic segmentation consist of gender (male and female), age (range of ages), etc. b. Geographic Tha geographic segmentation consist of America, Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. – Market targeting Now Wendy’s must evaluate the various segment and decides how many and which segment it can serve best. . Demographic Wendy’s has a segmentation of universal gender (male and female), all ages. b. Geographic Wendy’s restaurant covers the America, Europe and Asia region. – Differentiation and positioning Product position is the way the produ ct is defined by consumers on important attribute, the places the products occupies in consumers minds relatives to competing product. Wendy’s has the position of their product in quality and has various menu which common competitor did not have. Such as baked potato. 4. Product, services, and branding strategy. – ProductThe product that offer by Wendy’s is consumer product which is product bought by final consumer for personal consumption. The type of consumer product is convinience product that the customer usually buys frequently, immediately, and with a minimum of comparison and buying effort. In this case the product is fast food which often placed in many location to make customer Wendy’s readly available when customer needs them. – Branding Brand equity is the positive differencial that knowing the brand name has on customer’s respond to the product or service.Wendy’s Indonesia is a franchise of international Wendy’s so the the brand name just follow the original brand. The choose of the brand name â€Å"Wendy’s† base on the reason of simple word (only using one word) to make the customer remember the brand easily. E. Role as an Accountant to help Wendy’s Accounting division in wendy’s is under finance division. Wendy’s finacnce division is straight under mr. Ipeng’s supervision. The directed division creates the division to be one of the high leveled side of company. They collaborate with all division to create budgets and all of the financial matters of the company.Not only in sales probelms but also in company’s staff welfare. All the company’s incentives, fee, and wages is hed by this important division The finance and accounting will help the marketing to plan the budget and give the funding to the respective division that needs it. All the funding are checked and revised by the accounting and finance division. All flow of monetary stream s are going in one way, It’s finance division In order to create good environment for the company to run its business, the company must have all the resources needed to create it.Accountants must have the authority to give consents to other division. So there is no fraud or collusion around the company. Accounting division must have everything that happens in the company for all Inventory, slips, checks, everything that goes into the action important to the company. Accountants must have the authority to take all proves and bank slips in order to have lower control risk as well as to lower inherent risks. Every loans, borrowings, charity in and out to the company always have to report it to finance and accounting division. It is needed to have credibility to run the company.F. Summary & Recommendation Wendy’s has been one of the biggest fast food restaurants all over the world. It arrived in Jakarta back in 1992 and PT Sirat bought it in 1997. PT Wendy Citrarasa took o ver Wendy’s Indonesia in 2006. Wendy’s restaurant has five departments, which are marketing, operational, bussiness development, supply chain, and finance. Esspecially for the marketing department, they work closely with other departments in making decision in marketing strategies, and all of the interrelated departments have an impact on the marketing department’s plan and action.G. References www. wikipedia. com www. wendys. com Kotler, Philip, & Gary Armstrong. 2009. Principles of Marketing. 12th Edition. ———————– Wendy’s Pacific Place, Jakarta Wendy’s Braga, Bandung Marketing Director Finance Director Owner Supply Chain Director Operational Director Bussiness Development Director Marketing Comm. Manager Graphic Designer District Manager Store Manager 1 Store Manager 2 Store Manager 3 Store Manager 26 Project Manager Architec Purchasing Manager Logistic Manager Finance Accountancy